Short answer
Yes, regular marshmallows can cause weight gain and diabetes from the sugar. The sticky texture may also lead to choking or digestive blockages over time. Avoid sugar-free types completely—xylitol is deadly to cats. Stick to occasional tiny pieces if you must, and switch to cat treats for daily rewards.
Marshmallow — Food safety facts
Feed with care · Cats · full breakdown on the linked food page
Sugar and gelatin, and a choking shape. Sugar-free marshmallows contain xylitol.
The full verdict, portion guidance and serving notes are collected on the Marshmallow food facts page.