Short answer
Brussels sprouts are not toxic to cats, so you won't see poisoning signs. If your cat eats too many, the main issue is digestive upset like gas or mild diarrhea. These signs typically appear within 6 to 12 hours as the food moves through their system. The discomfort is usually temporary and resolves on its own once the sprouts pass.
Brussels sprouts — Food safety facts
Safe to share · Cats · full breakdown on the linked food page
Safe cooked and plain, but they cause gas in larger amounts.
The full verdict, portion guidance and serving notes are collected on the Brussels sprouts food facts page.